RegularUmbrella

Indonesia

2005-11-18T17:50:00.000-08:00

Officially Republic of Indonesia , Indonesian Republik Indonesia country located off the coast of the Southeast Asian mainland in the Indian and Pacific oceans. It is an archipelago that lies across the Equator and spans a distance equivalent to one-eighth of the Earth's circumference. Its islands can be grouped into the Greater Sunda Islands of Sumatra (Sumatera), Java (Jawa), the southern extent of Borneo known as Kalimantan, and

Anselm Of Laon,

2005-10-16T14:45:00.000-07:00

Anselm apparently studied at Bec, Fr., under St. Anselm of Canterbury. In the final quarter of the 11th century, he taught with distinction at Paris, where with William of Champeaux he supported realism. About 1100 he returned to Laon, where his theological and exegetical

Field, Eugene

2005-08-08T19:25:00.000-07:00

Field attended several colleges but took no degree; at the University of Missouri he was known less as a student than as a prankster. After his marriage in 1873, Field did editorial work for a variety of newspapers, including the Denver Tribune. From his Tribune column,

Ausgleich

2005-07-27T17:25:00.000-07:00

(German: “Compromise”), the compact, finally concluded on Feb. 8, 1867, that regulated the relations between Austria and Hungary and established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary (q.v.).

Scheele, Carl Wilhelm

2005-07-25T22:55:00.000-07:00

Scheele was first apprenticed for eight years to an apothecary in Göteborg before taking similar positions in Malmö (1765) and Stockholm (1768). In 1770 he settled at Uppsala, and in 1775, when he was elected to the Stockholm

Tea Production

2005-07-23T11:25:00.000-07:00

Cultivation of the tea plant, usually done in large commercial operations. The plant, a species of evergeen (Camellia sinensis), is valued for its young leaves and leaf buds, from which the tea beverage is produced. This article treats the cultivation of the tea plant. For information on the processing of tea and the history of its use, see the article tea.

Lancaster

2005-07-08T08:50:00.000-07:00

City, seat (1800) of Fairfield county, south-central Ohio, U.S., on the Hocking River, 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Columbus. It was founded (1800) by Ebenezer Zane on land granted to him in payment for blazing Zane's Trace, a 266-mile (428-kilometre) wilderness road from Wheeling, W.Va. (then a part of Virginia) to Limestone (now Maysville), Ky. The first settlers came over this road in 1798; many of them were from Lancaster,

China, Japanese aggression

2005-07-06T13:15:00.000-07:00

In September 1931 a group of officers in the Kwantung Army set in motion a plot to compel the Japanese government to extend its power in Manchuria. The Japanese government was drawn, step by step, into the conquest of Manchuria and the creation of a regime known as Manchukuo. China was unable to prevent Japan from seizing this vital area. In 1934, after long negotiations, Japan

Military Aircraft, Day fighters

2005-06-30T15:05:00.000-07:00

Air superiority was crucial to the outcome of most of the decisive campaigns of World War II, and here the performance of single-seat fighters was generally the critical factor. First-class fighters required extremely powerful aero engines suitable for compact, low-drag installation, and in this respect Britain, Germany, and the United States were in a class by themselves.

Myanmar, The Toungoo dynasty

2005-06-22T21:30:00.000-07:00

In 1531 a dynasty was established at Toungoo by Tabinshwehti, and by then the new kingdom had become powerful enough to conquer northern Myanmar from the Shan and southern Myanmar from the Mon. In 1511 the great trading entrepôt of Malacca (Melaka) on the Malay Peninsula had been conquered by the Portuguese, which led to a renewal of interest in trade in Myanmar's coastal waters.

Adwa

2005-06-16T06:35:00.000-07:00

Also spelled Adowa , Italian Adua town, northern Ethiopia. Adwa lies on the east-west highway between Aksum and Adi Grat at its junction with the road north to Asmara (Asmera), in Eritrea. Adwa is a market centre (grains, honey, hides, coffee) for the Tigray people. The town is located 10 miles (16 km) west of an area of fantastic volcanic formations. On March 1, 1896, Emperor Menilek II defeated an Italian force there. Nearby

Steer Roping

2005-06-03T15:25:00.000-07:00

Rodeo event in which a mounted cowboy pursues a full-grown steer; lassos it with his rope, catching the animal by the horns; fastens the rope to his saddle; and stops his horse suddenly, throwing the steer to the ground. The cowboy then quickly dismounts and ties three of the steer's feet, raising both hands to signal completion. The event is timed, and the contestant with

Fructosuria

2005-06-01T10:05:00.000-07:00

Disturbance of fructose metabolism resulting from a hereditary disorder or intolerance. Normally, fructose is first metabolized in the body to fructose-1-phosphate by a specific organic catalyst or enzyme called fructokinase. In fructosuria this particular enzyme is defective, and the concentration of fructose increases in the blood and urine. There are no

Procellariiform

2005-05-18T01:10:00.000-07:00

Also called tubinares (order Procellariiformes), any of the seabirds that include the albatrosses (family Diomedeidae); shearwaters, fulmars, prions, and large petrels (Procellariidae); storm petrels (Hydrobatidae); and diving petrels (Pelecanoididae). There are approximately 87 living and 36 fossil species of diverse sizes and ranges. All Procellariiformes are recognizable by their conspicuous

Zambia, Flag Of

2005-05-16T06:40:00.000-07:00

In 1930 a shield was approved for Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). Its black and white wavy vertical stripes represented Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River in traditional heraldic style; the blue chief (upper portion) of the shield featured a gold fish eagle with a silver fish in its claws. The design, first used on the British Blue Ensign as a colonial badge, received approval

Skeet Shooting

2005-05-14T04:30:00.000-07:00

Sport in which marksmen use shotguns to shoot at clay targets thrown into the air by spring devices called traps. It differs from trapshooting (q.v.), from which it derived, in that in skeet, traps are set at two points on the field and targets may be thrown diagonally across the shooter's field of vision as well as directly away from him (see illustration). The sport was developed

jingo lait ma baby

2005-04-05T07:56:00.000-07:00

I live in Clerkenwell and have noticed the following:

The quality water in the neighbourhood (don't ask me how) lead to the development of a brewery and a couple of gin distilleries appearing in the 18th century. These employed plenty of people, and so the population swelled. By the 19th century the number of people living in the area had exploded, and slum areas began to appear.

The market at Smithfield that we know today was designed by Sir Horace Jones, and was built in the 1860s. Luckily this survived the bombing in the Second World War, but much of the rest of Clerkenwell was destroyed. The area was gradually redeveloped, but it wasn't until the 1990s that the area became fashionable and a destination again.

Air Law, Criminal jurisdiction

2005-03-15T11:16:00.000-08:00

Although some systems of national law still adhere to the view that ships and aircraft are part of the territory of the state the nationality of which they possess, this is merely a crude metaphor. In international law, a distinction has to be made between three types of state jurisdiction: territorial jurisdiction over national territory and all persons and things

Mysticism, Other definitions and experiences of mysticism

2005-03-14T07:29:00.000-08:00

Such undifferentiated unity or union between the individual and the supreme self is unacceptable to certain traditions and temperaments. The Jewish philosopher Martin Buber emphasized an �I - Thou� relationship: �All real living is meeting,� and one Thou cannot become It. But even his own �unforgettable experience� of union he would explain as �illusory.� With a wider

Space Exploration

2005-03-11T17:33:00.000-08:00

On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik

Fable, Parable, And Allegory, Blending of rival systems: the Middle Ages

2005-03-04T17:04:00.000-08:00

At the time of the birth of Christ, ideological conditions within the Mediterranean world accelerated the mingling of Hellenic and Hebraic traditions. Philo Judaeus laid the groundwork; Clement of Alexandria and Origen followed him. The craft of allegorical syncretism - that is, making rival systems accommodate one another through the transformation of their

Bradford

2005-03-03T14:31:00.000-08:00

Spanish Hill, near Sayre and Athens at the confluence of the Chemung and Susquehanna

Venezuela, The colonial era

2005-03-02T17:52:00.000-08:00

Christopher Columbus arrived in what is now Venezuela in 1498, during his third voyage to the New World. European explorers named the region Venezuela (�Little Venice�) after observing local Indian houses on stilts over water. During the first quarter-century of contact, the Europeans limited themselves to slave hunting and pearl fishing on the northeastern coast; the

Katipunan

2005-03-01T19:26:00.000-08:00

In full� Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang Na Katipunan Nang Manga Anak Nang Bayan� (�Supreme Worshipful Association of the Sons of the People�), Filipino nationalist organization founded in 1892 to oppose Spanish rule. The organization numbered anywhere from 100,000 to 400,000 members. The Filipino nationalist Emilio Aguinaldo was the leader of this group, which successfully fought the Spanish. Most of the members were Tagalogs.

Vrije Volk, Het

2005-02-28T03:08:00.000-08:00

(Dutch: �The Free People�), Socialist evening daily newspaper published in 30 regional editions in Rotterdam and outlying locations, one of the largest and most influential dailies in The Netherlands. It was established in 1900 as Het Volk (�The People�), the official organ of the Socialist Democratic Labour Party. During the German occupation of The Netherlands in World War

Argentine

2005-02-26T16:04:00.000-08:00

The true smelts

Leap Of Faith

2005-02-25T14:10:00.000-08:00

Metaphor used by the 19th-century Danish philosopher S�ren Kierkegaard in his Afsluttende uvidenskabelig Efterskrift (1846; Concluding Unscientific Postscript) to describe commitment to an objective uncertainty, specifically to the Christian God. For Kierkegaard, God is totally other than man; between God and man there exists a gulf that faith alone can bridge. Kierkegaard

Melamine

2005-02-24T03:25:00.000-08:00

Melamine is manufactured by heating dicyandiamide under pressure. Its most important reaction is that with formaldehyde, forming resinous compounds of high molecular weight.

Ear Disease, Labyrinthitis

2005-02-23T09:04:00.000-08:00

Labyrinthitis, an inflammation of the labyrinth of the inner ear, happens when infection occurs as a result of meningitis, syphilis, acute otitis media and mastoiditis, or chronic otitis media and cholesteatoma. Loss of both equilibrium and hearing occurs in the affected ear. Prompt antibiotic treatment sometimes arrests the damage and allows for the possibility

Floral Decoration

2005-02-22T09:49:00.000-08:00

Plant materials are customarily arranged in containers, woven into garlands, and worn or carried for personal adornment. Flower bouquets that are carried include the nosegay and corsage. In the mid-19th century, the nosegay, or posy (a small bunch of mixed flowers), was much in fashion. No well-dressed Victorian lady appeared at a social gathering without carrying one,

Epistemology, G.F.W. Hegel

2005-02-21T18:06:00.000-08:00

Empiricism takes cognition

Celiac Disease

2005-02-20T21:57:00.000-08:00

Also called �nontropical sprue� or �celiac sprue� a digestive disorder in which people cannot tolerate gluten, a protein constituent of wheat, barley, malt, and rye flours. The disease is characterized by the passage of foul, pale-coloured stools (steatorrhea), progressive malnutrition, multiple vitamin deficiencies, stunting of growth, abdominal pain, and, late in the disease, anemia. In children, celiac disease usually

Metallophone

2005-02-19T23:14:00.000-08:00

China had such instruments by the 7th century. Metallophones had reached northern Europe from Indonesia

Pacific Mountain System

2005-02-18T18:53:00.000-08:00

Juan Rodr�guez Cabrillo, a Portuguese explorer in the service of Spain, probably was the first European to explore the coast of California. He is thought to have sailed north in 1542, and his pilot, Bartolom� Ferrelo, may have reached as far as the present southern border of Oregon. Sir Francis Drake sailed the coast in 1579 and may have landed in Oregon. Juan P�rez landed on the

Norfolk Four-course System

2005-02-17T08:40:00.000-08:00

In the Norfolk four-course system, wheat was grown in the first year, turnips in the second, followed

Rhapsodist

2005-02-16T02:15:00.000-08:00

Greek �Rhapsoidos, �plural �Rhapsoidoi, � any of the dramatic reciters of ancient Greece, dating from the 6th century BC. In the oral epic tradition, rhapsodists were preceded by Homeric singers (aoidoi) of their own epic songs and, like them, were musically accompanied on the lyre and aulos. To heighten dramatic effect, rhapsodists used a staff for symbolic gesturing. Their intonation of poetry probably involved

Crime And Punishment, Incapacitation

2005-02-15T13:03:00.000-08:00

Incapacitation is an object of punishment that has been known since early times. The idea is simply that the offender should be dealt with in a manner that will make it impossible for him to repeat his offense - by execution or banishment in earlier times, in more modern times by execution or lengthy periods of incarceration. This is the only objective of punishment

Bradley, Tom

2005-02-14T04:33:00.000-08:00

The son of sharecroppers and the grandson of slaves, Bradley grew up in poverty. When he was seven years old, his parents moved to Los Angeles. Excelling at track

Smith College

2005-02-13T21:46:00.000-08:00

Liberal arts college for women in Northampton, Massachusetts, U.S. One of the Seven Sisters schools, it is among the largest privately endowed colleges for women in the United States. Bachelor's degrees are granted in 29 departmental and 8 interdepartmental programs, and undergraduates are urged to study in seven fields of knowledge: literature, historical studies,

Nilotic Languages

2005-02-12T20:21:00.000-08:00

The Nilotic languages are usually divided into a Western group (containing

Yambol

2005-02-11T11:09:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Jambol� town, east-central Bulgaria, on the Tundzha (Tundja) River. North of the present town are the ruins of Kabyle (or Cabyle), which originated as a Bronze Age settlement in the 2nd millennium BC and was conquered by the Macedonians under Philip II in 342 - 341 BC. Taken by Rome in 72 BC, Kabyle became a city in the Roman province of Thrace, governing the middle reaches of the Tundzha (ancient Tonsus)

Ahuitzotl

2005-02-10T14:35:00.000-08:00

The aggressive Ahuitzotl succeeded his brother, Tizoc, to the throne. He proved a merciless warrior, conquering tribes as far south as present-day Guatemala and in territory along the Gulf of Mexico, using such tactics as forced marches, ambushes, and surprise attacks. His men

Level

2005-02-09T10:47:00.000-08:00

Device for establishing a horizontal plane. It consists of a small glass tube containing alcohol or similar liquid and an air bubble; the tube is sealed and fixed horizontally in a wooden or metallic block or frame with a smooth lower surface. The glass tube is slightly bowed, and adjustment to the horizontal is indicated by movement of the bubble. The device is on a

Anshan

2005-02-08T20:47:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Anzan, � city and territory of ancient Elam, north of modern Shiraz, southwestern Iran. The city's ruins, covering 350 acres, have yielded major archaeological finds, including examples of early Elamite writing. Anshan came to prominence about 2350 BC as an enemy of the Mesopotamian dynasty of Akkad. Its greatest period, however, was during the 13th and 12th centuries BC, when, as �kings of Anshan and

Alimentary Canal

2005-02-07T10:42:00.000-08:00

Also called �digestive tract� pathway by which food enters the body and solid wastes are expelled. The alimentary canal includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. See digestion.

Argentina, Health and welfare

2005-02-06T08:18:00.000-08:00

An extensive system of hospitals and clinics in Argentina is run by national, provincial, and local authorities as well as by private organizations. The cost of medical care is covered by a comprehensive array of occupational insurance plans. Public health and sanitation standards are particularly high in developed areas but can drop off considerably in some

Campeche

2005-02-05T00:39:00.000-08:00

Estado (�state�), southeastern Mexico, on the Yucat�n Peninsula. It is bounded north and east by the state of Yucat�n, from which it seceded in 1857; northwest by the Gulf of Mexico; east by the state of Quintana Roo; south by Guatemala; and southwest by the state of Tabasco. Named after the ancient Mayan province of Kimpech (Campech), it comprises much of the western part of the peninsula.

Averno, Lake Of

2005-02-04T06:35:00.000-08:00

Italian �Lago D'averno, �Latin �Lacus Avernus, � crater lake in Napoli province, Campania region, southern Italy, in the Campi Flegrei volcanic region, west of Naples. It is 7 ft (2 m) above sea level, 118 ft deep, and nearly 2 mi (more than 3 km) in circumference, with no natural outlet. Its Greek name, Aornos, was interpreted as meaning �without birds,� giving rise to the legend that no bird could fly across it and live because of its poisonous

Girl Groups

2005-02-03T17:22:00.000-08:00

Primarily American female vocal groups popular from the early to the mid-1960s, the period between the heyday of early rock and roll and the British Invasion. The girl group era produced a clearly identifiable hybrid of gospel, rhythm and blues, doo-wop, and quirky pop. The high-pitched, husky, teen-girl sound of acts such as the Ronettes and the Supremes epitomized the ebullient

Duchesne, Andr�

2005-02-02T09:27:00.000-08:00

Duchesne was educated at Loudun and Paris and devoted his early years to studies in history and geography. His first work, Egregiarum seu Selectarum Lectionum et Antiquitatum

Tyre

2005-02-01T03:47:00.000-08:00

Tyre, built on an island and on the neighbouring mainland, was probably originally founded as a colony of Sidon. Mentioned in Egyptian records of the

Gyda Peninsula

2005-01-31T16:17:00.000-08:00

Also called �Gydan Peninsula, �Russian �Gydansky Poluostrov, � peninsula, northern Russia. It is a northern extension of the West Siberian Plain reaching into the Kara Sea and situated between the bays of Ob and Tazovsky to the west and the estuary of the Yenisey River to the east. The peninsula is about 250 miles (400 km) long and is similar in width. It is predominantly low-lying, varying in elevation between 165 and 525 feet (50 and 160 m). The peninsula is

Architecture And Civil Engineering, Exhibitions.

2005-01-30T03:18:00.000-08:00

The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City staged the largest exhibit ever held of the work of the Scottish designer Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Originating in Glasgow, Scot., the exhibit later traveled to Chicago and Los Angeles. It focused on 250 items, including furniture, watercolours, posters, and other objects by the noted architect, one of the founders of the

Hand Tool, Ax and adz

2005-01-29T03:19:00.000-08:00

The ax and adz are similar enough to be considered together. This is especially the case with ancient tools that were small and ineffective because they were made of brittle stone or had unsatisfactory hafting. The difference between the tools lies in the relation of the cutting edge to the handle. In the ax the cutting edge and handle are parallel, whereas in the adz

Karakol

2005-01-28T20:03:00.000-08:00

Formerly �(1889 - 1921, 1939 - 91) Przhevalsk,� city, eastern Ysyk-k�l oblast (province), Kyrgyzstan, at the northern foot of the Terskey-Alatau Mountains at an elevation of 5,807 feet (1,770 m) on the Karakol River. The city was founded in 1869 as a Russian military and administrative outpost; it was renamed for the Russian explorer Nikolay Mikhaylovich Przhevalsky, who died there in 1888. It has many food and other light industries, a teacher-training

Portuguese Literature

2005-01-27T07:54:00.000-08:00

The literature of Portugal is distinguished by a wealth and variety of lyric poetry, which has characterized it from the beginning; by its medieval lack of and later

Aryabhata

2005-01-25T11:42:00.000-08:00

First unmanned Earth satellite built by India. It was named for a prominent Indian astronomer and mathematician of the 5th century AD. The satellite was assembled at Peenya, near Bangalore, but was launched from within the Soviet Union by a Russian-made rocket on April 19, 1975. Aryabhata weighed 794 pounds (360 kilograms) and was instrumented to explore conditions in the Earth's ionosphere,

Space Law

2005-01-24T15:53:00.000-08:00

The evolution of space law began with U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower's introduction of the concept into the United Nations in 1957, in connection with disarmament negotiations. Following the successful launchings of the Soviet satellite

Butaritari Atoll

2005-01-23T19:59:00.000-08:00

Also called �Makin Atoll, �formerly �Pitt Island, � coral atoll of the Gilbert Islands, part of Kiribati, in the west-central Pacific Ocean. Located in the northern Gilberts, it comprises a central lagoon (11 miles [18 km] wide) ringed by islets, with a total area of 5.2 square miles (13.5 square km), which provides a good deep anchorage with three passages to the open sea. Occupied by Japanese forces from 1941 to 1943, the atoll served as a U.S. air and naval

Earth, Structure and composition of the solid Earth

2005-01-22T01:04:00.000-08:00

David G. Smith (ed.), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences (1981), is a highly readable, illustrated collection of articles on the Earth's surface and interior. Two collections of articles from Scientific American are The Dynamic Earth (1983), on the geologic processes occurring inside and around the planet; and Robert Decker and Barbara Decker (eds.), Volcanoes and the Earth's Interior (1982), on volcanoes and the rocks occurring in the mantle. Minoru Ozima, The Earth: Its Birth and Growth (1981; originally published in Japanese, 1979), gives a general account of the evolution of the Earth based on geochemical research. Martin H.P. Bott, Interior of the Earth: Its Structure, Constitution, and Evolution, 2nd ed. (1982), provides a thorough summary of the nature of the Earth's interior. Two works with a more technical slant are Jean-Claude De Bremaecker, Geophysics, the Earth's Interior (1985), an introductory textbook; and Donald L. Turcotte and Gerald Schubert, Geodynamics: Applications of Continuum Physics to Geological Problems (1982), a mathematical text on processes occurring within the Earth. See also G.C. Brown and A.E. Mussett, The Inaccessible Earth (1981), on both geophysics and geochemistry.

Nicholas (v)

2005-01-21T18:52:00.000-08:00

An assembly of priests and laymen in Rome under the influence of the Holy Roman emperor Louis IV the Bavarian, whom John had excommunicated, elected the Franciscan monk Pietro Rainalducci as the antipope

Classical Scholarship, Late 19th-century developments in German scholarship

2005-01-20T02:11:00.000-08:00

Germany made so vast a contribution to 19th-century classical scholarship that it would be impossible to name all of the eminent scholars of the period. But from a time rather earlier than the establishment of the German Empire (1871), signs of decline might be observed; the new methods had begun to harden into orthodoxy, mechanically applied by a mass of inferior practitioners.

Hysterectomy

2005-01-19T07:34:00.000-08:00

Surgical removal of the complete uterus (total hysterectomy) or of the complete uterus except for the cervix (subtotal hysterectomy). The cervix is the outermost portion of the uterus, which projects into the vagina. Removal of the uterus is indicated in a number of abnormal situations, including the presence of a cancer or of a benign tumour of the type called myoma,

Asia

2005-01-18T13:43:00.000-08:00

In antiquity, the first and westernmost Roman province in Asia Minor, stretching at its greatest extent from the Aegean coast in the west to a point beyond Philomelium (modern Aksehir) in the east and from the Sea of Marmara in the north to the strait between Rhodes and the mainland in the south. The province was first constituted when Attalus III, king of Pergamum, bequeathed

Insurance, Group health insurance

2005-01-16T06:21:00.000-08:00

Major types of health insurance written on a group basis include insurance against the losses occasioned by hospitalization, surgical expense, and disability. Hospitalization insurance is designed to cover daily room and board and other expenses. Surgical expense insurance usually provides specified allowances for physicians' charges for various operations.

Cable

2005-01-15T11:09:00.000-08:00

In electrical and electronic systems, a conductor or group of conductors for transmitting electric power or telecommunication signals from one place to another. Electric communication cables transmit voice messages, computer data, and visual images via electrical signals to telephones, wired radios, computers, teleprinters, facsimile machines, and televisions.

Sunday Times, The

2005-01-14T08:15:00.000-08:00

Founded in 1822 as a nationally circulated paper with an independent editorial policy, The Sunday Times reflects the dignified,

Ezra And Nehemiah, Books Of

2005-01-13T13:12:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Esdras and Nehemias, � two Old Testament books that together with the books of Chronicles formed a single history of Israel from the time of Adam. Ezra and Nehemiah are a single book in the Jewish canon. Roman Catholics long associated the two, calling the second �Esdras alias Nehemias� in the Douay-Confraternity. Later works, e.g., the Jerusalem Bible, maintain separate identities but associate

Ashe, Arthur (robert)

2005-01-12T14:18:00.000-08:00

Ashe began to play tennis at the age of seven in a neighbourhood park. He was coached by Walter Johnson of Lynchburg, Va., who had coached tennis champion Althea Gibson. Ashe moved to St. Louis, Mo., where he was coached by Richard Hudlin, before he entered

Shadbolt, Maurice

2005-01-11T11:48:00.000-08:00

As a young man, Shadbolt worked as a documentary-film scriptwriter and a director and then turned to journalism. He became a full-time freelance journalist and writer in 1957. His

Nagaland, Cultural life

2005-01-10T15:21:00.000-08:00

Tribal organization varies from the autocratic angs (chiefs) of the Konyaks and hereditary chieftainships of the Semas and Changs to the democratic structures of the Angamis, Aos, Lothas, and Rengmas. A prominent village institution is the morung (a communal house or dormitory for young unmarried men), where skulls and other trophies of war formerly were hung. The pillars

Nagaland, Cultural life

2005-01-09T07:25:00.000-08:00

Adage

2005-01-08T04:26:00.000-08:00

A saying, often in metaphoric form, that embodies a common observation, such as "If the shoe fits, wear it,'' "Out of the frying pan, into the fire,'' or "Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.'' The scholar Erasmus published a well-known collection of adages as Adagia in 1508. The word is from the Latin adagium, �proverb.�

Vacuum Technology

2005-01-07T23:02:00.000-08:00

The operating principles of this gauge are similar to the Penning gauge except that the electrons are produced by a hot filament and accelerated to a grid. The pressure range covered is either 1 to 10-5 torr or 10-2 to 10-7 torr, depending on the electrode structure. Electrons emitted from the filament ionize residual gas molecules in the container being evacuated; the ion current

Peter Of Castelnau

2005-01-06T06:08:00.000-08:00

Peter became an archdeacon in 1199 and in 1202 joined the Cistercian order. In 1207 Pope

Cloudberry

2005-01-05T16:32:00.000-08:00

Eskimos

Allman Brothers Band, The

2005-01-04T13:40:00.000-08:00

American rock band whose bluesy, jam-oriented sound helped spark the Southern rock movement of the 1970s and set the stage for several generations of roots-oriented improvisational rock bands. The members were Duane Allman (in full Howard Duane Allman; b. Nov. 20, 1946, Nashville, Tenn., U.S. - d. Oct. 29, 1971, Macon, Ga.), Gregg Allman (in full Gregory Lenoir Allman; b. Dec. 8, 1947, Nashville), Berry Oakley (in full

Zangi

2005-01-03T02:53:00.000-08:00

When Zangi's father, the governor of Aleppo, was killed in 1094, Zangi fled to Mosul. He served the Seljuq dynasty, and in 1126 the Seljuq sultan, Mahmud II, appointed Zangi governor of Basra. When the 'Abbasid dynasty caliph al-Mustarshid

Bridgeton

2005-01-02T00:17:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1749) of Cumberland county, southwestern New Jersey, U.S. It lies along Cohansey Creek, 38 miles (61 km) south of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The site was settled by Richard Hancock in 1686, and its first name was Cohansey Bridge, for a bridge (1718) that spanned the creek. It next was called Bridge Town, later Bridgeton. A woolen mill (1811), nail works and ironworks (1815), and glass factory (1863) were early

Rome, Emergence of the Roman commune

2005-01-01T13:22:00.000-08:00

The Roman revolution in 1143 had fundamentally the same goals as other contemporaneous communal movements in northern Italy: freedom from episcopal (in Rome's case, papal) authority and control of the surrounding countryside. The revival of the Roman Senate and other echoes of the Classical past perhaps owed something to the preaching of Arnold of Brescia, a priest

France, History Of, France since 1815

2004-12-31T17:24:00.000-08:00

Volumes 2 and 3 of the already mentioned Alfred Cobban, A History of Modern France, 3 vol. (1957 - 62, reprinted 1969), present the period from the First Empire to the Republics in a sophisticated synthesis; and Gordon Wright, France in Modern Times: From the Enlightenment to the Present, 4th ed. (1987), is an interpretive general survey. Appropriate parts of the massive collective work Histoire �conomique et sociale de la France, 4 vol. in 8 (1970 - 82), Fernand Braudel and Ernest Labrousse (eds.), provide coverage by some of the best French experts of economic and social developments up to the last quarter of the 20th century. Surveys of special topics on all or most of the period since 1815 include Ren� R�mond, The Right Wing in France from 1815 to De Gaulle, 2nd ed. (1969; originally published in French, 3rd ed., 1968; rev. French ed., 1982), tracing change and continuity of the political right; G�rard Cholvy and Yves-Marie Hilaire, Histoire religieuse de la France contemporaine, 3 vol. (1985 - 88), an analysis of the role of various religions; and Raoul Girardet, La Soci�t� militaire dans la France contemporaine, 1815 - 1939 (1953), on the changing role and composition of the military corps. The role of France in world affairs is emphasized in Pierre Renouvin, Le XIXe, 2 vol. (1954 - 55), on the developments of the 19th century, part of the series �Histoire des relations internationales.� Fran�ois Caron, An Economic History of Modern France, trans. from French (1979, reissued 1983), revises older views about France's rate of growth; Theodore Zeldin, France, 1848 - 1945, 2 vol. (1973 - 77), explores modern French society, stressing its complexity and continuity; and Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France (1976), argues that a sense of nationhood came to rural France only in the late 19th century. Period studies include Guillaume de Bertier de Sauvigny, The Bourbon Restoration (1966, originally published in French, 1955), the standard work on the period 1815 - 1830; David H. Pinkney, Decisive Years in France, 1840 - 1847 (1986), arguing that France changed fundamentally in these years; Roger Price, The French Second Republic: A Social History (1972), a thoughtful reevaluation; Ted W. Margadant, French Peasants in Revolt: The Insurrection of 1851 (1979), suggesting that leftist views remained vigorous after 1848; J.P.T. Bury, Napol�on III and the Second Empire (1964), a well-informed analysis; Michael Howard, The Franco-Prussian War: The German Invasion of France, 1870 - 1871 (1961, reissued 1981), a model study; and Stewart Edwards, The Paris Commune, 1871 (1971), a balanced reevaluation. Roger Shattuck, The Banquet Years: The Origins of the Avant Garde in France, 1885 to World War I, rev. ed. (1968, reissued 1984), is a brilliant survey of Parisian culture of the period; and Charles Rearick, Pleasures of the Belle Epoque: Entertainment and Festivity in Turn-of-the-Century France (1985), describes the high life in Monmartre. D.W. Brogan, France Under the Republic: The Development of Modern France, 1870 - 1939 (1940, reprinted 1974), is a classic account; Jacques Chastenet, Histoire de la Troisi�me R�publique, 7 vol. (1952 - 63, reissued in 4 vol., 1974), remains the most detailed treatment of the period; David Thomson, Democracy in France Since 1870, 5th ed. (1969), offers a penetrating study of political and social aspects; and Jean-Denis Bredin, The Affair: The Case of Alfred Dreyfus (1986; originally published in French, 1983), provides a highly readable account of the great crisis. For the 20th century, see Eugen Weber, Action Fran�aise: Royalism and Reaction in Twentieth Century France (1962), a full analysis of this right-wing movement; Zeev Sternhell, La Droite R�volutionnaire, 1885 - 1914: les origines fran�aises du fascisme (1978, reprinted 1984), a controversial argument that fascism was born in France; Marc Ferro, The Great War, 1914 - 1918 (1973, reissued 1987; originally published in French, 1969), a good synthesis; Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940 - 1944 (1972, reissued 1982), a critical analysis of the P�tain regime; Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, La D�cadence, 1932 - 1939, 3rd rev. ed. (1985), and L'Ab�me: 1939 - 1945, 2nd rev. ed. (1986), two volumes of devastating analysis of French foreign policy before and during World War II; Charles de Gaulle, War Memoirs, 5 vol. (1955 - 60; originally published in French, 1954 - 59), and Memoirs of Hope: Renewal and Endeavor (1971; originally published in French, 2 vol., 1970 - 71), indispensable for an understanding of the Gaullist era; Jean Lacouture, Charles de Gaulle, 3 vol. (1984 - 86), a full and perceptive biography; Philip M. Williams, Crisis and Compromise: Politics in the Fourth Republic, 3rd ed. (1964, reissued 1972), an excellent account of that system of government; Pierre Viansson-Pont�, Histoire de la r�publique gaullienne, 2 vol. (1970 - 71, reissued in 1 vol., 1984), on the Fifth Republic's Gaullist phase; Stanley Hoffmann et al., In Search of France (1963), an analysis of postwar France; George Ross, Stanley Hoffmann, and Sylvia Malzacher (eds.), The Mitterrand Experiment: Continuity and Change in Modern France (1987), a study of the socialist years; and Alfred Grosser, Affaires ext�rieures: la politique de la France, 1944 - 1989 (1989), a penetrating analysis of postwar France's role in the world.

Powers, Hiram

2004-12-30T11:52:00.000-08:00

Powers first studied with Frederick Eckstein about 1828. Around 1829 he worked as a general assistant and artist in a wax museum in Cincinnati, Ohio, where his ingenious

Chi-hsi

2004-12-29T02:56:00.000-08:00

Pinyin �Jixi, � city in southeastern Heilungkiang Province (sheng), China. Located on the upper Mu-leng Ho (river), it is in a mountainous area rich in timber and in various minerals, including coal, iron, oil shale, graphite, fluorite, and limestone. Chi-hsi is, however, predominantly a coal-mining city, with some of the largest and best equipped coal mines in China. The coal is of high quality

Van Depoele, Charles Joseph

2004-12-28T10:10:00.000-08:00

After immigrating to the United States in 1869, Van Depoele became a successful manufacturer of church furniture and then began to pursue his interest in electricity. In addition to his notable

Arnold, Matthew

2004-12-27T05:32:00.000-08:00

English Victorian poet and literary and social critic, noted especially for his classical attacks on the contemporary tastes and manners of the �Barbarians� (the aristocracy), the �Philistines� (the commercial middle class), and the �Populace.� He became the apostle of �culture� in such works as Culture and Anarchy (1869).

Mascagni, Pietro

2004-12-26T08:03:00.000-08:00

Mascagni studied at the conservatory at Milan, but, unable to submit to the discipline of his master, Amilcare Ponchielli, he left to join a traveling

Abengourou

2004-12-25T09:46:00.000-08:00

Town, eastern C�te d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), on the road from Abidjan (the national capital) to Ghana. The major trading centre for a productive forest region, it is also the residence of the Anyi (Agni) paramount chief, who is the present king of Ind�ni� (an Anyi kingdom founded in the mid-18th century). The king's official residence (built 1882) is decorated with Ind�ni� relics and tapestries.

P'eng-hu Islands

2004-12-24T02:43:00.000-08:00

P'eng-hu also spelled �Penghu�, Chinese (Wade-Giles) �P'eng-hu Ch'�n-tao�, or �P'eng-hu Lieh-tao�conventional �Pescadores� archipelago and hsien (county) of Taiwan, consisting of about 64 small islands, approximately 30 miles (50 km) west of the coast of Taiwan, from which it is separated by the P'eng-hu Channel. Of volcanic origin, many of the islands consist of weathered basalt, and they are surrounded by coral reefs. The islands are low-lying, most rising only about 100 - 130 feet (30 - 40 m) above sea level. The highest

Pyramids, Battle Of The

2004-12-23T01:28:00.000-08:00

(July 21, 1798), military engagement in which Napoleon Bonaparte invented his one significant contribution to tactics, the massive divisional square; it was fought during his Egyptian campaign near Embabeh (Imbabah), on the west bank of the Nile River. Napoleon's 25,000-man Army of Egypt faced perhaps 40,000 Egyptians led by Murad Bey. The Egyptians were concentrated near Embabeh, with the

Torah

2004-12-22T08:56:00.000-08:00

In Judaism, in the broadest sense the substance of divine revelation to Israel, the Jewish people: God's revealed teaching or guidance for mankind. The meaning of �Torah� is often restricted to signify the first five books of the Old Testament, also called the Law or the Pentateuch. These are the books traditionally ascribed to Moses, the recipient of the original revelation

Arts, East Asian, Painting and calligraphy

2004-12-21T02:55:00.000-08:00

Settled conditions and a tolerant atmosphere helped to make the Northern Sung a period of great achievement in landscape painting. Li Ch'eng, a follower of Ching Hao who lived a few years into the Sung, was a scholar who defined the soft, billowing earthen formations of the northeastern Chinese terrain with �cloudlike� texture, interior layers of graded ink wash bounded

Anthemion

2004-12-19T19:08:00.000-08:00

Design consisting of a number of radiating petals, developed by the ancient Greeks from the Egyptian and Asiatic form known as the honeysuckle or lotus palmette. The anthemion was used widely by the Greeks and Romans to embellish various parts of ancient buildings. The Greeks originally decorated only pottery with the motif, but they soon adapted it to ornament

Houston, Whitney

2004-12-18T13:33:00.000-08:00

The daughter of Emily (�Cissy�) Houston - whose vocal group, the Sweet Inspirations, sang backup for Aretha Franklin - and the cousin of singer Dionne Warwick, Whitney Houston began singing in church as a child. While still

Middlesex

2004-12-17T00:04:00.000-08:00

County, east-central New Jersey, U.S., bounded by the Millstone River to the southwest, the Raritan River to the northwest, the Rahway River to the northeast, and Raritan Bay to the east. It consists largely of a coastal lowland. Other bodies of water include Carnegie and Farrington lakes and the South River. Forested areas contain oak and hickory. Among the recreational

Ahenobarbus, Lucius Domitius

2004-12-16T02:43:00.000-08:00

After the powerful generals Julius Caesar, Gnaeus Pompey, and Marcus Licinius Crassus formed an unofficial ruling triumvirate in 60 BC, Ahenobarbus repeatedly resisted their designs. As candidate for the consulate of 55, he

Burdigalian Stage

2004-12-15T00:55:00.000-08:00

In France the Burdigalian Stage is represented by rocks, especially shell beds, produced by a continuing transgression

Abbey, Edward

2004-12-14T17:26:00.000-08:00

The son of a Pennsylvania farmer, Abbey earned a B.A. (1951) and an M.A. (1956) at the University of New Mexico. He subsequently worked as a park ranger and fire lookout for the National Park Service in the Southwest,

Aesthetics, China

2004-12-13T11:20:00.000-08:00

Confucius (551 - 479 BC) emphasized the role of aesthetic enjoyment in moral and political education, and, like his near contemporary Plato, was suspicious of the power of art to awaken frenzied and distracted feelings. Music must be stately and dignified, contributing to the inner harmony that is the foundation of good behaviour, and all art is at its noblest when incorporated

La Fontaine, Jean De

2004-12-12T18:13:00.000-08:00

Poet whose Fables rank among the greatest masterpieces of French literature.

Jammu And Kashmir, The foothills

2004-12-11T15:43:00.000-08:00

The foothills of the Himalayas, rising from about 2,000 to 7,000 feet (600 to 2,100 metres), form outer and inner zones. The outer zone consists of sandstones, clays, silts, and conglomerates, influenced by Himalayan folding movements and eroded to form long ridges and valleys (duns). The inner zone consists of more massive sedimentary rock, including red sandstones of Miocene age (about 5.3 to